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Research on Social Work Practice
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Process-Based Forgiveness Interventions: A Meta-Analytic Review

Brad W. Lundahl

University of Utah, Brad.Lundahl{at}socwk.utah.edu

Mary Jane Taylor

University of Utah

Ryan Stevenson

University of Utah

K. Daniel Roberts

University of Utah

Objective: To investigate the impact of forgiveness interventions designed to help individuals who have suffered because of betrayals, offenses, or victimization. Forgiveness is believed to be a mechanism through which individuals can experience increases in hope and positive emotions and relief from negative emotions, cognitions, and behaviors. Method: Fourteen published reports of process-based forgiveness interventions that included a comparison group are meta-analyzed. Results/Conclusions: Samples that received forgiveness interventions forgave more (effect size [ES] = .82) and enjoyed increased positive affect (ES = .81) and self-esteem (ES = .60) and less negative affect (ES = .54). Such gains were largely maintained at follow-up periods. Individually delivered programs are superior to group delivery, and some forgiveness programs are superior to others. Further moderators are discussed.

Key Words: forgiveness • meta-analysis • direct practice • therapy

This version was published on September 1, 2008

Research on Social Work Practice, Vol. 18, No. 5, 465-478 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/1049731507313979
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