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First published on March 5, 2008
Research on Social Work Practice 2008, doi:10.1177/1049731507313979
© 2008 SAGE Publications

Article

Process-Based Forgiveness Interventions: A Meta-Analytic Review

Brad W. Lundahl, Ph.D.*, Mary Jane Taylor, Ph.D., Ryan Stevenson, and K. Daniel Roberts

University of Utah

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Brad.Lundahl{at}socwk.utah.edu.


  Abstract
Objective: To investigate the impact of forgiveness interventions designed to help individuals who have suffered because of betrayals, offenses, or victimization. Forgiveness is believed to be a mechanism through which individuals can experience increases in hope and positive emotions and relief from negative emotions, cognitions, and behaviors. Method: Fourteen published reports of process-based forgiveness interventions that included a comparison group are meta-analyzed. Results/Conclusions: Samples that received forgiveness interventions forgave more (effect size [ES] = .82) and enjoyed increased positive affect (ES = .81) and self-esteem (ES = .60) and less negative affect (ES = .54). Such gains were largely maintained at follow-up periods. Individually delivered programs are superior to group delivery, and some forgiveness programs are superior to others. Further moderators are discussed.


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